Kapangidwe ka Sitima ya Sitima ya Sitima

sitima siteshoni zitsulo kapangidwe

EIHE zitsulo STRUCTURE ndi masitima apamtunda opanga zitsulo komanso ogulitsa ku China. Takhala apadera muzitsulo zazitsulo kwa zaka 20. Chitsulo cha sitima ya sitimayi nthawi zambiri chimatanthawuza dongosolo la nyumba ya siteshoni kapena nsanja yomwe imamangidwa makamaka ndi zitsulo. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwachitsulo pomanga masitima apamtunda kumatchuka chifukwa cha mphamvu zake ndi kulimba kwake, komanso kuthekera kwake kuthandizira maulendo akuluakulu ndi katundu wolemetsa. Kuphatikiza apo, zomanga zachitsulo zimakhala zopepuka kuposa zomangira zina, zomwe zimatha kuchepetsa nthawi yomanga ndi ndalama.

Zitsanzo zina zamasiteshoni zamasitima okhala ndi zitsulo zodziwika bwino ndi monga Grand Central Terminal ku New York City, siteshoni ya sitima ya King's Cross ku London, ndi siteshoni ya Gare de Lyon-Saint-Exupéry ku France. Chitsulo chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pomanga nsanja za sitima, milatho, ndi tunnel

Kodi siteshoni ya sitima yapamtunda ndi chiyani?

Kapangidwe kachitsulo ka siteshoni ya sitimayi imatanthawuza kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pomanga masitima apamtunda. Mapangidwe amtunduwu amapereka zabwino zambiri monga mphamvu, kulimba, komanso kukana dzimbiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala chisankho chabwino pamasiteshoni a njanji omwe amafunikira kupirira katundu wolemetsa komanso zovuta zachilengedwe.

Kapangidwe kachitsulo ka siteshoni ya masitima nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo chimango chachikulu, denga, ndi zokutira. Chimango chachikulu chimakhala ndi mizati yachitsulo ndi zitsulo zomwe zimathandizira dongosolo lonse. Mamembala azitsulowa amapangidwa kuti athe kupirira mphamvu za zivomezi, katundu wa mphepo, ndi zoopsa zina zachilengedwe, kuonetsetsa chitetezo ndi bata la siteshoni.

Denga lachitsulo cha sitima yapamtunda nthawi zambiri limapangidwa kuti likhale logwira ntchito komanso lokongola. Ikhoza kukhala ndi maonekedwe ndi mapangidwe osiyanasiyana, malingana ndi kalembedwe kamangidwe ndi zofunikira za siteshoni. Denga limathandizidwa ndi zitsulo zachitsulo kapena zipilala zomwe zimagawira kulemera kwake molingana ndi kapangidwe kake.

Kuvala kwachitsulo cha sitimayi kumatanthawuza zinthu zakunja zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphimba ndi kuteteza makoma ndi denga. Zida zomangira wamba zimaphatikizapo zitsulo, mapanelo otsekera, ndi magalasi. Zidazi zimasankhidwa chifukwa chokhalitsa, kukana nyengo, komanso kukonza bwino.

Kuphatikiza pazigawo zazikuluzikulu zamapangidwe, mawonekedwe azitsulo zamasitima apamtunda angaphatikizeponso machitidwe osiyanasiyana othandizira monga masitepe, ma elevator, ndi nsanja. Machitidwewa akuphatikizidwa muzitsulo zachitsulo kuti apereke mwayi wosavuta komanso wozungulira mkati mwa siteshoni.

Mapangidwe ndi mapangidwe a zitsulo za sitimayi amafunikira kuganizira mozama zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga mphamvu yonyamula katundu, kukana kwa seismic, kulimba, ndi kukongola. Zimakhudzanso kugwirizanitsa magawo osiyanasiyana a uinjiniya monga zomangamanga, zomangamanga, ndi uinjiniya wamakina kuti ntchitoyo ithe bwino.

Mwachidule, kapangidwe kazitsulo zamasiteshoni ndi njira yolimba komanso yokhazikika pomanga masitima apamtunda. Amapereka mphamvu zabwino kwambiri, kukana dzimbiri, komanso kusinthasintha pamapangidwe, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsira ntchito zosiyanasiyana komanso zachilengedwe.

mtundu wa masitima apamtunda zitsulo kapangidwe

Pali mitundu ingapo ya masitima apamtunda azitsulo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga masitima apamtunda. Zitsanzo zina ndi izi:

Zomangamanga za portal: Awa ndi mafelemu achitsulo okhala ndi mizati ndi mizati, yomwe nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi zigawo zooneka ngati I. Mafelemu a portal amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pomanga nyumba zazikuluzikulu ndi zomanga, monga nsanja za masitima apamtunda ndi maholo amasiteshoni.

Mapangidwe a truss: truss ndi chimango chopangidwa ndi mndandanda wa makona atatu olumikizana. Zomangamanga zachitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga madenga a masitima apamtunda ndi milatho.

Zomangamanga: Zomangamanga zimapangidwa ndi matabwa opindika omwe amachirikiza denga kapena denga. Zomangamanga zachitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga khomo la masitima apamtunda, komanso popanga masitima apamtunda wa masitima apamtunda.

Zomangidwa ndi chingwe: Izi ndi zingwe zomwe zingwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchirikiza denga kapena nyumba. Zomangamanga zokhala ndi zingwe zachitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamasiteshoni apa masitima apamtunda, komanso popanga milatho yoyenda pansi.

Zomangamanga za mlengalenga: Izi ndi zigawo zitatu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zolumikizana. Zomangamanga zam'mlengalenga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padenga la masitima apamtunda, komanso pomanga maholo amasiteshoni ndi ma atriums.

Tsatanetsatane wa masitima apamtunda zitsulo kapangidwe

Mapangidwe ndi tsatanetsatane wa zomangamanga zazitsulo zamasitima apamtunda zimatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi zosowa ndi zofunikira za siteshoni iliyonse. Komabe, pali zigawo zingapo zofunika ndi mawonekedwe omwe nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa pamapangidwe azitsulo zamasiteshoni.

Mitanda: Mitanda yachitsulo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira kulemera kwa denga, nsanja, kapena mbali ina iliyonse yonyamula katundu. Zitha kukhala zowongoka kapena zopindika, kutengera kapangidwe kake.

Mizati: Mizati yachitsulo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira kulemera kwake kwa nyumba kapena kapangidwe kake. Mizati imatha kuikidwa pafupipafupi kuti ithandizire, kapena imatha kukonzedwa mwanjira inayake kuti ipange zokongoletsa kapena zomangamanga.

Miyendo: Zitsulo zachitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula mtunda wautali ndikuthandizira kulemera kwa denga kapena denga. Amakhala ndi makona atatu olumikizana, omwe amapereka mphamvu komanso kukhazikika.

Kulumikizana: Kulumikizana kwazitsulo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikiza zigawo zosiyanasiyana za kapangidwe kake, monga mizati ndi mizati. Mtundu wolumikizana womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito umadalira katundu ndi mphamvu zomwe dongosololi liyenera kupirira.

Kuyika: Zovala zachitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kubisala kunja kwa nyumbayo, kuteteza ku zinthu zakunja ndikupatsa nyumbayo mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Zovala zimatha kupangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga mapanelo achitsulo, magalasi, kapena mwala.

Ponseponse, zitsulo zamasiteshoni za masitima apamtunda zidapangidwa kuti zikhale zolimba, zolimba, komanso zogwira ntchito bwino, komanso zimapereka malo owoneka bwino komanso ogwira ntchito kwa okwera ndi alendo.

mwayi siteshoni sitima dongosolo zitsulo

Zomangamanga zomangira masitima apamtunda zili ndi maubwino angapo kuposa zida zina zomangira, kuphatikiza:

Mphamvu ndi Kukhalitsa: Chitsulo ndi chinthu cholimba komanso cholimba chomwe chimatha kupirira nyengo yoipa, kukhudzidwa, ndi katundu. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino popanga zomanga za masitima apamtunda ndi nyumba zomwe zimayenera kukhala kwa nthawi yayitali.

Zotsika mtengo: Zomangamanga zachitsulo ndizotsika mtengo poyerekeza ndi zida zina. Amafuna zinthu zochepa, ntchito, ndi nthawi yomanga, zomwe zingathandize kuchepetsa mtengo wa ntchito yonse.

Kuthamanga kwa Ntchito Yomanga: Zomanga zachitsulo zimatha kupangidwa kale, kenako ndikusonkhanitsidwa pamalo omanga. Njirayi ingapulumutse nthawi ndikufulumizitsa ntchito yomanga.

Kusinthasintha ndi Zosankha Zopangira: Zomangamanga zachitsulo zimakhala zosinthika kwambiri ndipo zimatha kusinthidwa mosavuta kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zamapangidwe. Zitha kusinthidwanso kapena kukulitsidwa pambuyo pake, ngati pakufunika.

Chokhazikika komanso Chogwiritsidwanso Ntchito: Chitsulo ndi chinthu chokhazikika, ndipo chikhoza kubwezeretsedwanso ndikugwiritsiridwa ntchito kangapo popanda kutaya kukhulupirika kwake. Izi zimapangitsa kuti nyumba zachitsulo zikhale zokonda zachilengedwe pomanga masitima apamtunda.

Ponseponse, zomanga zazitsulo zamasitima apamtunda zimapereka njira yotsika mtengo, yamphamvu, yolimba, komanso yokhazikika pomanga zomangamanga zamasiteshoni.